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Not all vaccine candidates succeed

Given the remarkable speed at which effective COVID-19 vaccines have emerged, it's easy to forget that many other vaccine candidates fail. Of more than 300 vaccine projects, only nine vaccines eventually clear the hurdles to get an emergency use license from the WHO.

MSD discontinues development This link will open in a new window of its COVID-19 vaccine candidates following low immune response results in Phase 1 clinical studies.

COVID-19 cases surpass 100 million This link will open in a new window. New variants of the virus emerge in the UK, South Africa and Brazil, fuelling its spread.

Sanofi announces it will provide manufacturing support This link will open in a new window for Pfizer/BioNTech's COVID-19 vaccine, providing access to its state-of-the-art production infrastructure. The company would soon partner with other companies, by providing its facilities to the production of Johnson & Johnson's This link will open in a new window (February 2021) and Moderna's This link will open in a new window (April 2021) COVID-19 vaccines.

US President Biden enforces the Defense Production Act This link will open in a new window to increase supply of COVID-19 vaccines and tests, and guarantee critical materials This link will open in a new window for their manufacturing.

IFPMA launch their #TeamVaccines This link will open in a new window first social media campaign to help build confidence in the COVID-19 vaccines by demonstrating that people within the industry worked to develop these vaccines not only for the world, but for themselves and their family, to prevent loss and overcome the pandemic.

Sanofi announces it will provide manufacturing support This link will open in a new window for Johnson & Johnson's COVID-19 vaccine candidate at a rate of approximately 12 million doses per month.

COVID-19 vaccine doses shipped by COVAX to Ghana, marking the beginning of global rollout This link will open in a new window. Kenya, Rwanda, Nairobi and Japan also soon receive their first deliveries. Industry reaffirms its commitment to an equitable global rollout This link will open in a new window, highlighting how health systems strengthening plays a part.

The US authorizes Johnson & Johnson's COVID-19 vaccine This link will open in a new window for emergency use, authorized two weeks later by the WHO.

Chatham House, in collaboration with IFPMA, COVAX, DVCMN, & BIO, convenes a Global COVID-19 Vaccine Supply Chain & Manufacturing Summit This link will open in a new window to address supply bottlenecks. Before the pandemic, the production capacity for all vaccines worldwide was 5 billion doses. All stakeholders stress the need to expand this, based on the principle of equitable access.